Sentinel-5p Innovation - SO2 Layer Height Project

Latest News (updated on 22 March 2022):

March 2022: The ESA S5P+I: SO2LH project ended successfully
-All project related documentation has been delivered, see Documentation
Two project related publication have been published and are in press:
- Inness et al. (2022): Evaluating the assimilation of S5P/TROPOMI near real-time SO2 columns and layer height data into the CAMS integrated forecasting system (CY47R1), based on a case study of the 2019 Raikoke eruption, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 971–994
- Koukouli et al. (2021): Volcanic SO2 Layer Height by TROPOMI/S5P; evaluation against IASI/MetOp and CALIOP/CALIPSO observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], in press.

July 2021: Algorithm development has been successfully finished:
-The final Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Description v4.0 (ATBD) is available, see Documentation and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5118540
-The final Verification Report v2.0 (VR) is available, see Documentation and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5118558
-The final Auxiliary User data Manual v2.0 (AUM2) is available, see Documentation

June 2021: The S5P+I: SO2LH project has been extended until December 2021

May 2021: SO2 LH results and the algorithm has been presented in talks during EGU2021, see here

Project Description

The ESA Sentinel-5p+ Innovation project (S5p+I) has been initiated to develop novel scientific and operational applications, products and retrieval methods that exploit the potential of the Sentinel-5p mission’s capabilities beyond its primary objective.

Accurate determination of the location, height and loading of SO₂ plumes emitted by volcanic eruptions is essential for aviation safety. The SO₂ layer height is furthermore one of the most critical parameters that determine the impact on the climate. The height of volcanic ash columns are often estimated by local observers with mostly unknown accuracy. The plume height can also be determined using aircraft, ground-based radar or LIDAR but such observations are often not available and many volcanic eruptions in remote areas remain not observed. In addition, volcanic plumes containing SO₂ but not ash cannot be seen directly. SO₂ in the atmosphere has important impacts on chemistry and climate at both local and global levels.

Natural sources account for ~30% of SO₂ emissions. Next to contributions from volcanic activity, these include emissions from marine phytoplankton and a small contribution from soil and vegetation decay. However, by far the largest contributions in global SO₂ production are from anthropogenic sources. These account for the remaining 70% of global emissions and primarily relate to fossil fuel burning, with smaller contributions from smelting and biomass burning.

While satellite instruments, in principle, provide global products e.g. from SEVIRI (Second Generation Spin-stabilised Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager) or AIRS (Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder), they have no or little vertical resolution. SO₂ height retrievals have been developed for IR sensors like the scanning IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer). This can provide information on the vertical distribution of SO₂ in a volcanic plume but only at a horizontal resolution of 12 km. Although retrievals of SO₂ plume height have been carried out using satellite UV backscatter measurements from e.g. OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) or GOME-2, until now such algorithms are up to now very time-consuming, since the spectral information content and its characterization require computationally demanding radiative transfer modelling. Due to the high spatial resolution of TROPOMI (Tropospheric Ozone Measurement Instrument) aboard S5p(Sentinel-5p) and consequent large amount of data, an SO₂ layer height algorithm has to be very fast.

The SO₂ Layer Height (SO2LH) theme is dedicated to the generation of an SO₂ layer height product for Sentinel-5p taking into account data production timeliness requirements.

The S5p+I: SO2LH project is funded by the European Space Agency ESA

The coordination of the project is under the responsibility of the German Aerospace Center DLR.

Project objectives

The objectives of the SO₂ LH project are:
• Development of an SO₂ layer height product for Sentinel-5p;
• Assessment of the performance of the new algorithm specifically with respect to timeliness requirements in operational processing frameworks;
• Assessment of the applicability of various algorithms based on e.g. EISF or a LUT approach;
• Assessment of the errors in the presence of absorbing and non-absorbing aerosols;
• Assessment of retrieval results based on observation conditions, e.g. inhomogeneous scene;
• Demonstration of the new retrieval on a number of cases of volcanic eruptions, including intercomparisons to SO₂ height levels for volcanic eruptions with available OMI and GOME2 SO₂ height level retrievals;
• Discussion on how the effect of layer altitude change can be distinguished from a change of vertical column;
• Assessment of the contribution of the new LH algorithm to the independent operational SO₂ column retrieval
• Discussion of mechanisms of adding the LH product to the SO₂ operational column product (e.g. inclusion into the existing SO₂ total column product), or justification for a standalone product.

Project Timeline

The S5P+I: SO2LH project had its official kick-off on 3 July 2019
The project end was March 2022

Project Consortium

Participant	Institute	Logo
German Aerospace Centre (DLR - DE)	Remote Sensing Insitute - Atmospheric Processors Department (IMF-ATP)
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH - GR)	Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (LAP)
University of Oxford (UK)	Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics (AOPP) - Earth Observation Data Group (EODG)
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF - UK)	Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)

• Inness, A., Ades, M., Balis, D., Efremenko, D., Flemming, J., Hedelt, P., Koukouli, M.-E., Loyola, D., and Ribas, R.: Evaluating the assimilation of S5P/TROPOMI near real-time SO2 columns and layer height data into the CAMS integrated forecasting system (CY47R1), based on a case study of the 2019 Raikoke eruption, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 971–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-971-2022, 2022.
• Koukouli, M.-E., Michailidis, K., Hedelt, P., Taylor, I. A., Inness, A., Clarisse, L., Balis, D., Efremenko, D., Loyola, D., Grainger, R. G., and Retscher, C.: Volcanic SO2 Layer Height by TROPOMI/S5P; evaluation against IASI/MetOp and CALIOP/CALIPSO observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-936, in review, 2021
• Dmitry Efremenko, Pascal Hedelt, Diego Loyola, and Robert Spurr: FP_ILM: Extremely fast volcanic SO2 plume height retrieval based on S5P/TROPOMI data using inverse learning machines, EGU2020, Link
• Pascal Hedelt, MariLiza Koukouli, Isabelle Taylor, Dimitris Balis, Don Grainger, Dmitry Efremenko, and Diego Loyola: Extremely fast retrieval of volcanic SO2 layer heights from UV satellite data using inverse learning machines, EGU2020 Link
• Hedelt, P., Efremenko, D. S., Loyola, D. G., Spurr, R., and Clarisse, L.: Sulfur dioxide layer height retrieval from Sentinel-5 Precursor/TROPOMI using FP_ILM, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5503–5517, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5503-2019, 2019
• Efremenko, D.; Loyola, D.; Hedelt, P. and Spurr, R. (2017): Volcanic SO₂ plume height retrieval from UV sensors using a full-physics inverse learning machine algorithm. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 38 (50), pp. 1-27. Taylor & Francis, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1348644, ISSN 0143-1161.

Contact

For any questions please contact:

Dr. Pascal Hedelt
German Aerospace Center
Earth Observation Center
Muenchener Strasse 20
82234 Wessling
Germany
Email: pascal.hedelt [at] dlr.de

Last update: 22 Mar 2022